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Tambin se llama libro a una obra de gran extensin publicada en varias unidades independientes, llamados tomos o volmenes. Otras veces se llama tambin libro a cada una de las partes de una obra, aunque fsicamente se publiquen todas en un mismo volumen ejemplo Libros de la Biblia. Hoy en da, no obstante, esta definicin no queda circunscrita al mundo impreso o de los soportes fsicos, dada la aparicin y auge de los nuevos formatos documentales y especialmente de la World Wide Web. El libro digital o libro electrnico, conocido como e book, est viendo incrementado su uso en el mundo del libro y en la prctica profesional bibliotecaria y documental. Adems, el libro tambin puede encontrarse en formato audio, en cuyo caso se denomina audiolibro. Desde los orgenes, la humanidad ha tenido que hacer frente a una cuestin fundamental la forma de preservar y transmitir su cultura, es decir, sus creencias y conocimientos, tanto en el espacio como en el tiempo. El planteamiento de esta cuestin supone por un lado, determinar la forma de garantizar la integridad intelectual del contenido de la obra y la conservacin del soporte en el que fue plasmada, y por otro, encontrar el medio por el cual se mantendr inalterada la intencin o finalidad para la cual se concibi. Los orgenes de la historia del libro se remontan a las primeras manifestaciones pictricas de nuestros antepasados, la pintura rupestre del hombre del paleoltico. Con un simbolismo, posiblemente cargado de significados mgicos, estas pinturas muestran animales, caceras y otras escenas cotidianas del entorno natural del hombre antiguo, que trataba de dominar las fuerzas adversas de la naturaleza capturando su esencia mediante su representacin. Son el ms antiguo precedente de los primeros documentos impresos de que se tiene memoria. Comunicacin oral y formas rudimentariaseditarLas seales gestuales fueron la primera forma de expresar y transmitir mensajes. La palabra hablada es la manera ms antigua de contar historias. Mediante frmulas de valor mnemotcnico2 se estructuraban narraciones, que pasaban de generacin en generacin como valiosa herencia cultural de los ms diversos grupos humanos. Dichas reglas mnemotcnicas ayudaban tanto a la memorizacin como a la difusin de los relatos. Es el caso de los poemas homricos, que han merecido valiosos estudios sobre el particular. Posiblemente, gran parte de las tradiciones y leyendas han tenido semejante inicio. Esta transmisin oral tena el inconveniente de los ruidos que deformaban el mensaje. La mayora de las veces era el narrador rapsoda, aeda, juglar quien en funcin de sus intereses la deformaba de una u otra forma. 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La usaron los sumerios, acadios, asirios, hititas, persas, babilonios etc. La escritura egipcia, que perdur ms de tres milenios, mediante jeroglficos, representaba ideas abstractas, objetos, palabras, slabas, letras y nmeros. Evolucion en las escrituras hiertica y demtica. Otros pueblos, como los hititas y los aztecas tambin tuvieron tipos propios de escritura. La escritura china ms antigua que se conoce son 5. C. en el yacimiento de Xiaotun, en la provincia de Henan. Pero los primeros libros reconocibles de China corresponden al siglo VI a. C., los jiance o jiandu, rollos de finas tiras de bamb o madera grabados con tinta indeleble y atados con cordel. Estos textos servan principalmente a causas institucionales, era la obra de funcionarios civiles o militares. 3Desde Confucio en adelante 5. C. los libros se convirtieron en importantes instrumentos de aprendizaje, se escribieron tratados de filosofa, medicina, astronoma y cartografa. En el perodo de los reinos combatientes 4. C. La seda se us mucho como soporte para escribir. La tela era ligera, resistente al clima hmedo, absorba bien la tinta y proporcionaba al texto un fondo blanco, sin embargo era mucho ms cara que el bamb, es por esto que en ocasiones se haca una copia en bamb antes de grabarse en seda los textos importantes. La invencin del papel segn la tradicin china, se atribuye a un eunuco de la corte imperial llamado Cai Lin en el 1. C. Usando nuevos ingredientes trapos viejos, camo, corteza de rbol y redes de pescar cre un mtodo de fabricacin de papel muy similar al que se usa hoy en da. Pero el papel tard cientos de aos en reemplazar al bamb y la seda, fue hasta finales del siglo II d. C. que la corte imperial lo us en cantidades importantes. Esta innovacin no se propag fuera de China hasta el 6. C. aproximadamente, y alcanz Europa a travs de Espaa hasta el siglo XII. A mediados del siglo VIII los chinos inventaron la impresin xilogrfica, o el grabado en madera, y la necesidad de reproducir un gran nmero de textos e imgenes budistas, calendarios, manuales de adivinacin y diccionarios promovi una rpida y temprana propagacin de la xilografa. El primer libro impreso chino que se ha encontrado es el Sutra del diamante del 8. C. Los impresores chinos crearon los tipos mviles hacia el siglo XI, el escritor chino Chen Kua 1. Mengshi Pitan, segn el escritor el herrero Jen. Tsung de la dinasta de los Song del norte entre 1. Tambin se le atribuye la creacin de una mesa giratoria para guardar los caracteres, esta tcnica se llamaba tipografa tablearia. Hacia el 1. 30. 0 Wang Tcheng, un tcnico agrnomo, emplaz la arcilla por madera de azufaifo, que era mucho ms dura. Pero este avance no revolucion la imprenta hasta el punto que lo hizo Gutenberg en Europa 4. A diferencia de las lenguas europeas, el chino escrito requiere miles de caracteres nicos, lo que hace mucho ms eficaz los bloques de madera individuales que los enormes conjuntos de tipos reutilizables. En contraste con el declive de las artes de los escribas en occidente en los siglos que siguieron a la creacin de la imprenta de tipos mviles, la caligrafa china conserv su prestigio, era un arte. No obstante, a finales del siglo XV, China haba producido ms libros que el resto del mundo junto. Los rabes aprendieron la tcnica para fabricar papel de sus contactos con China en el siglo VIII, y este se introdujo en Europa en el siglo XII a travs de la Espaa musulmana. 3La obra xilogrfica ms antigua encontrada hasta nuestros das es el Dharani Sutra de Corea, datado en el 7. C., aunque no se sabe quin fue el inventor de la xilografa los chinos y coreanos fueron los que impulsaron la impresin xilogrfica, principalmente para editar textos religiosos. El budismo chino y coreano fue el vehculo que trasmiti la xilografa a Japn. Pero Corea realiz muchos otros avances que revolucionaron la manera de imprimir y en consecuencia el libro. Entre 1. 23. 4 y 1. Gwanghwa, debido a la invasin mongol, no disponan de madera dura fue entonces que imprimieron 2. Go geum sang jeong ye mun con caracteres mviles metlicos. La obra del ao 1. Ms tarde el rey Taejong puso en funcionamiento un taller que contribua a la difusin de la escritura y en 1. Jujaso, donde se fabricaban caracteres mviles de imprenta, realiz la primera fundicin de tipos mviles en bronce. Store share your files with uploaded. Learn more about our services videoAfter entering your e. Mail addres and receipt of your registration youll simultaneously receive your personal access data from us. This is always free of charge. PC Game Trainers Cheat Happens. Introducing Cheat Happens Co. SMOS, a new self service gamehacking tool designed from the ground up for a new generation. Co. 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Using this site ARM Forums and knowledge articles Most popular knowledge articles Frequently asked questions How do I navigate the site nEach RLM license has a version number, of the form major. minor. The version in the rlmcheckout call must be less than or equal to the version in the. Handbook of Pathophysiology Cancer. Contributors. Gary J. Arnold,MD, FACSAssistant Professor of Nursing. University of Louisiana at Lafayette. Lafayette, LADeborah Becker,MSN, CRNP, CS, CCRNLecturer, Adult Acute Care Practitioner Program. Handbook of Pathophysiology Free ebook download as PDF File. pdf, Text File. txt or read book online for free. Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. Easily share your publications and get. Forecast your health care. Every time you have a symptom or are diagnosed of a condition, have you asked yourself can I forecast it, like weatherUniversity of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PAMarcy S. Caplin,RN, MSNIndependent Nurse Consultant. Hudson, OHSusan B. Dickey,Ph. D, RN,CAssociate Professor. Temple University. Philadelphia, PAKay Gentieu,RN, MSN, CRNPCoordinator Family Nurse Practitioner Program. Thomas Jefferson University. Use the search below to find labs close to you. Appointments must be made at least two hours in advance. Walkins are also welcome. Please note not all lab locations. Philadelphia, PAH. Dean Krimmel,RN, MSNIndependent Nurse Consultant. Collingdale, PANancy La. Plante,RN, BSNRN Staff Nurse Emergency Department. The Chester County Hospital. West Chester, PAKay Luft,RN, MN, CCRN, TNCCAssistant Professor. Saint Lukes College. Kansas City, MOElaine Mohn Brown,Ed. D, RNProfessor, Nursing. Chemeketa Community College. Salem, ORRoger M. Morrell,MD, Ph. D, FACP, FAICNeurologist. Lathrup Village, MIDavid Toub,MDConsultant. Lansdale, PATracy S. Weintraub,RN, MSN, CNSInstructor of Clinical Nursing. University of Southern California. Los Angeles, CAPatricia A. Wessels,RN, MSNAssistant Dean. Viterbo College. La. Frequently Asked Questions FAQs Lab. Corp. Blood Specimens Chemistry and HematologySee specific Microbiology Specimen sections for additional instructions. Blood Components. In the average adult male there are approximately 5 quarts 4. Blood cells are suspended in the plasma, which is made up of water and dissolved materials, including hormones, antibodies, and enzymes that are being carried to the tissues, and cellular waste products that are being carried to the lungs and kidneys. The major blood cells are classified as red cells erythrocytes, white cells leukocytes, and platelets thrombocytes. The red cells are delicate, round, concave bodies that contain hemoglobin, the complex chemical that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. Hemolysis occurs when the thin protective membrane that encases the fragile red cells is ruptured, allowing hemoglobin to escape into the plasma. Hemolysis can be caused by rough handling of a blood specimen, leaving the tourniquet on too long causing blood stasis or squeezing the tip of the finger too hard during capillary collection, dilution, exposure to contaminants, extremes in temperature, or pathologic conditions. The primary purpose of the white cells is to fight infection. In a healthy person, the white cells respond to minor infections by increasing in number and eliminating pathogens. Platelets are small fragments of special cells that aid in blood clotting. Either plasma or serum may be separated from the blood cells by centrifugation. The essential difference between plasma and serum is that plasma retains fibrinogen the clotting component, which is removed from serum. Serum is obtained from clotted blood that has not been mixed with an anticoagulant a chemical that prevents the clotting of blood. This clotted blood is then centrifuged, yielding serum, which contains two types of protein albumin and globulin. Serum is usually collected in mottled redgray, gold, or cherry red top tubes, and red top tubes are occasionally used. Plasma is obtained from blood that has been mixed with an anticoagulant in the collection tube and has, therefore, not clotted. This mixed blood may then be centrifuged, yielding plasma, which contains albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen. There are numerous coagulation factors factor VIII, factor IX, etc involved in the clotting of blood. Several different types of anticoagulants interfere with the activity of these factors to prevent clotting. Both anticoagulants and preservatives may be required for plasma specimens. The specified anticoagulant or preservative must be used for the test ordered. The chemical has been chosen to preserve some feature of the specimen and to work with the method used to perform the test. Blood collected with one anticoagulant suitable for the test described may not be considered suitable for other tests. Because additives are not interchangeable, it is necessary to consult the specimen requirement field of individual test descriptions to determine the appropriate collection requirements for the test ordered. Blood Collection Transport Containers. Following the collection, preparation, and transport instructions suggested by Lab. Corp supports the best possible test results. Materials for proper specimen collection and transport are supplied by Lab. Corp. Note Specimens to be tested by Lab. Corp should be collected in specimen containers provided by Lab. Corp. Anticoagulants and Preservatives. To ensure accurate test results, all tubes containing an anticoagulant or preservative must be allowed to fill completely. Attempts to force more blood into the tube by exerting pressure, as in collection with a syringe, will result in damage to the red cells hemolysis. If the vacuum tube is not filling properly, and you are certain that you have entered the vein properly, substitute another tube. Occasionally, vacuum tubes lose their vacuum. If the specimen cannot be properly collected, select another site and using new, sterile collection equipment, collect the specimen. Special note for light blue sodium citrate tubes used for coagulation studies Always fully seat and hold the tube securely on the Vacutainer hub while filling. Note Use plastic transport tubes for all frozen specimens. Specimen Containers. Note Please examine specimen collection and transportation supplies to be sure they do not include expired containers. Red top tube Contains no anticoagulant or preservative. Use Serum or clotted whole blood. Serum must be separated from cells within two hours of venipuncture. Send serum in a plastic transport tube. Mottled redgray top, gold top, or cherry red top gel barrier tube Contains clot activator and gel for separating serum from cells, but not anticoagulant. Do not use gel barrier tubes to submit specimens for therapeutic drug monitoring. Always check the test description to determine whether a gel barrier tube is acceptable. Use Serum, may be used for assays requiring serum unless otherwise stated. Separate serum from cells within two hours of venipuncture. Serum may be sent in the centrifuge tube with an intact barrier correct separation upon centrifugation between cells and serum or in a plastic transport tube. If specimen is centrifuged before clotting is complete, a fibrin clot will form on top of the cell. This finding is frequent in hemolyzed specimens. Also, the gel barrier may not be intact and could cause improper separation of serum and cells, possibly affecting test results. Lavender top tube Contains K2 EDTA. Use EDTA whole blood or plasma. Send plasma in a plastic transport tube labeled Plasma, EDTA. Send whole blood in a lavender top tube. Gray top tube Contains sodium fluoride a preservative and potassium oxalate an anticoagulant. Use Sodium fluoride whole blood or plasma. Send plasma in a plastic transport tube labeled Plasma, Sodium Fluoride. Send whole blood in a gray top tube. Blue top tube also light blue top tube Contains sodium citrate. Be sure to use only tubes with a 3. These are easily identified by the yellow diagonal stripes on the label. Use Sodium citrate plasma. Send plasma in a plastic transport tube labeled Plasma, Sodium Citrate. Send whole blood in a blue top tube. Green top tube Contains sodium heparin or lithium heparin. Use Heparinized whole blood or plasma. Send plasma in a plastic transport tube labeled Plasma, Sodium Heparin or Plasma, Lithium Heparin. Send whole blood in a green top tube. Yellow top tube Contains acid citrate dextrose ACD solution. Use ACD whole blood. Send whole blood in a yellow top tube. Royal blue top tube Contains sodium EDTA for trace metal studies. Some royal blue top tubes do not contain EDTA. Use EDTA whole blood or plasma. Send whole blood in a royal blue top tube. Send plasma in a plastic transport tube labeled Plasma, EDTA from royal blue. Tan top tube Contains sodium EDTA for blood lead analysis. Use EDTA whole blood. Send whole blood in a tan top tube. Plasma Preparation Tube PPT Contains EDTA. Use EDTA plasma for molecular diagnostic tests eg, polymerase chain reaction PCR andor branched DNA amplification b. DNA techniques. Upon centrifugation, a gel barrier is formed between the plasma and the cellular components of the blood. The tube can be sent directly to the lab without transferring to a secondary tube. Plastic tubes can be frozen at 8. C without risk of breakage. This section is presented as a guide for trained venipuncture technicians, or phlebotomists, and is not intended to train individuals in venipuncture technique. When drawing blood, please follow all venipuncture procedures recommended for use by recognized organizations andor in accordance with applicable state regulations involving phlebotomy practices. The Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute CLSI is an excellent resource for additional information. Assembling Supplies. Assemble the following supplies lab coat, gloves, labels, safety needle, needle holder, tourniquet, appropriate tubes, gauze, alcohol sponge, adhesive strip, and sharps container. See Figure 2. Put on the lab coat and gloves. The aseptic method of collecting and transporting a blood specimen works on the principle of a vacuum tube for drawing blood. A double pointed needle or multiple sample needle both disposable may be used for venipuncture. Ordinarily, a 2. 1 or 2. 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